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OUTLINE OF
THE NOVEL
INTERMEDIATE
CONTROLLED NUCLEAR FUSION
Richard
Anderson
Trustee, The
R. M. Santilli Foundation
http://www.santilli-foundation.org board@santillifoundation.org
SUMMARY
Following 30
years of mathematical, theoretical, and experimental research, a
generalization - covering of quantum mechanics has been achieved under
the name of hadronic mechanics and has permitted various industrial
applications in new clean burning and cost competitive fuels, now
established in various countries.
This report
deals with a application of hadronic mechanics for the achievement of
truly new and clean energies known as the Intermediate Controlled
Nuclear Fusions. The ongoing research is based on the laboratory
synthesis of the neutron as occurring in stars from a proton and an
electron, which synthesis has already been achieved in a preliminary
form. The research then deals with the synthesis of the nitrogen from
carbon and deuterium via the intermediate synthesis of the neutron
because the nitrogen synthesis is: very esoenergetic; the easiest among
all possible nuclear syntheses; and the cleanest possible because, under
threshold energies, it does not release harmful radiation and does not
leave radioactive waste. A verifiable energy output of five times the
used electric energy has been achieved to date thanks to significant
corporate investments. A major effort is under way in the U.S.A. and
abroad to understand the mechanisms of the nitrogen synthesis and
enhance it to the level of a new electric power source,
The research
has been pioneered by the Italian American physicist Dr. Ruggero
Maria Santilli, a former scientist at Harvard University under DOE
support (see his CV at
http://www.i-b-r.org/Ruggero-Maria-Santilli.htm
, a summary of his unprecedented mathematical physical and chemical
discoveries in
http://www.santilli-foundation.org/santilli-scientific-discoveries.html
, and the Nobel Nominations in
http://www.santilli-foundation.org/santilli-nobel-nominations.html
INSUFFICIENCIES OF 20TH CENTURY THEORIES
All energies
that could be conceived and treated via Einsteinian and quantum theories
were fully identified some 50 years ago and they turned out to be all
environmentally unacceptable. It is now a growing consensus in the field
that any further search for industrially meaningful results in new clean
energies based on old theories, is sterile.
The
insufficiencies of these theories in regard to energy releasing
processes are also well known by ethically sound experts to qualify as
such. In essence, Einsteinian and quantum theories were conceived to
represent events invariant under time reversal, such as the orbits of
electrons in atomic structures, particles in particle accelerators, etc.
for which conditions said theories are evidently valid.
However, all
energies releasing processes are irreversible over time, that is, their
time reversal image violates causality laws. Therefore, it is impossible
for time reversal theories, such as Einsteinian and quantum theories, to
be exactly valid for irreversible systems, such as all energy releasing
processes. In particular, if applied , said theories imply a finite
probability for the existence of time reversal images, e.g., following
the combustion of carbon said theories predict that smoke and ashes
reconstruct the original fuel.
Since a
decreasing number of physicists in high ranking positions continue to
abuse the prestige of their institutions by proffering Einsteinian and
quantum theories as being exactly valid for whatever conditions exist in
the universe up to the end of time, the serious appraisal of this report
requires a knowledge of the insufficiencies of said theories beyond the
conditions of their original conception and verification.
A
presentation along the latter lines accessible to the educated general
audience is available in our Foundation webpage http://www.santilli-foundation.org/santilli-scientific-discoveries-1.html
or in the Forum on Old Theories of the Institute for Basic Research
http://www.i-b-r.org/forum-old-theories.htm A technical presentation of
said insufficiencies is available in the monograph
HADRONIC
MATHEMATICS, MECHANICS AND CHEMISTRY
Volume I:
Limitations of Einstein's Special and General Relativities,
Quantum
Mechanics and Quantum Chemistry
Ruggero Maria
Santilli
International
Academic Press (2008)
Available in
free pdf download from
http://www.i-b-r.org/docs/HMMC-1-02-26-08.pdf
To put it in
a nutshell, Einstein special relativity, quantum mechanics and quantum
chemistry are magnificent theories, but now they belong to the past
century. The future is for new theories specifically conceived for new
scientific vistas.
THE COVERING
HADRONIC MECHANICS.
The need for
new theories was fully identified by the second part of the 20th
century. In fact, when at Harvard University in the late
1970s and early 1980s, Santilli received five grants from the Department
of Energy, then under the vision of the Carter Administration, to
initiate all necessary research that would lead, in due time, to
basically new energies, that is, energies not predicted by conventional
theories. All events reported herein originated from these grants for
which the Carter Administration and the U. S.
Department of Energy deserve full praises.
In this way,
Santilli proposed in 1978 the construction of the covering of quantum
mechanics under the name of hadronic mechanics. His call
was answered by hundreds of mathematicians, theoreticians and
experimentalists the world over. Such a collegial effort has produced
during the past 30 years over 20,000 pages of research published in the
best scientific journals the world over. A 40 pages long bibliography of
these contributions up to 2005 is available as free download from the
website
http://www.santilli-foundation.org/docs/Santilli-64.pdf
A review of
these efforts in a language accessible to the general educated public is
currently under way by the Trustees of the Santilli Foundation http://www.santilli-foundation.org/
and can be
inspected in the website
http://www.santilli-foundation.org/santilli-scientific-discoveries.html
A
comprehensive technical review of these studies dated 2008 is available
in the five monographs
HADRONIC
MATHEMATICS, MECHANICS AND CHEMISTRY
(HMMC)
Volumes I,
II, III, IV, V
Ruggero Maria
Santilli
available as
free downloads from the website
http://www.i-b-r.org/Hadronic-Mechanics.htm
AVAILABLE
NOVEL INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
Following the
achievement of maturity (see HMMC Volumes I to III) and experimental
verifications (see HMMC Volumes IV and V), hadronic mechanics has
already produced novel industrial applications and various additional
ones are under way, some in strict secrecy by the industry as well as,
apparently, by the military apparently in the USA, Russia, China, and
elsewhere.
To begin,
hadronic mechanics has permitted the conception, theoretical treatment
and industrial development of a new chemical species called
Santilli magnecules whose bond is partially of magnetic origin,
to distinguish them from the conventional "molecules" with sole
conventional valence bonds.
In turn,
these advances have permitted the development of a new class of fuels
that admit, for the first time, a complete combustion because all
magnetic effects disappear at the combustion temperature, thus having
individual atoms ready for combustion without HC, CO and other toxic
contaminants. These new fuels are presented in the book
THE NEW FUELS
WITH MAGNECULAR STRUCTURE
Ruggero Maria
Santilli
also
available as free download from the website
www.i-b-r.org/docs/Fuels-Magnecular-Structure.pdf
Among the
industrial applications of the new fuels, we should mention:
1) The
industrial development of PlasmaArcFlow Refineries, technically known as
Hadronic Reactors, permitting the recycling of various liquid wastes
into a clean burning, cost competitive, combustible fuel known under the
tradesman of magnegas, as presented in the website
http://www.magnegas.com
It should be
noted that Santilli's Magnegas Technology is industrially
available NOW for the achievement of fuel independence, since its basic
feedstock, liquid waste, is available everywhere in unlimited
quantities. The cost competitiveness of magnegas fuel with respect to
fossil fuels, of course under sufficient funding, is beyond credible
doubt because of the high cost of the latter’s feedstock
(petroleum) compared to income generated by the feedstock of the
former (liquid waste), thus rendering fuel independence an essentially
political decision by governments sufficiently independent from
petroleum interests. Magnegas Corporation has initiated very recently
the public trading of its stock at par value under the symbol MNGA and
is rapidly expanding the world over despite the ongoing global
recession.
2) The
industrial development of the HHO Gas produced by new
electrolyzers converting distilled water into a magnecular form of
hydrogen and oxygen to which Santilli gave the chemical name of HHO, as
illustrated in the web site
http://hytechapps.com
3) Additional applications have been made in the new field of
Betavoltaic Batteries, e.g. as described in the website
http://peswiki.com/energy/PowerPedia:BetaVoltaic
with
particular reference to apparent, rather secret research in stimulating
certain metals to produce electrons, thus providing a kind of "atomic
battery," of course, in due time and under due funding.
We are told
that various studies are under way via the use of hadronic mechanics.
For instance, we are told (but we are not sure) that Russian chemists
are using hadronic chemistry to maximize the power of military jet
fuels. In fact, the English version of Santilli monograph
FOUNDATION OF
HADRONIC CHEMISTRY WITH APPLICATION TO NEW CLEAN ENERGIES AND FUELS
R. M. Santilli,
Kluwer
Academic Publishers (2001)
Available
from the website for scientific research only
http://www.santilli-foundation.org/docs/Santilli-113.pdf
has been translated in Russian and available as free download from
http://i-b-r.org/docs/Santilli-Hadronic-Chemistry.pdf
We are also told that the latter monograph has been translated in
Chinese where Dr. Santilli is well known, and apparently used for
advanced research yet to be initiated in the USA due to notorious
oppositions by organized interests on Einsteinian theories, but we could
not secure a copy of said translation.
THE MAIN
OBJECTIVE OF SANTILLI'S NEW ENERGY RESEARCH
Following the
achievement of new fuels, Dr. Santilli's primary research objective is
now that of completing the ongoing research on basically new forms of
clean energies predicted by hadronic mechanics (but impossible for
Einstein special relativity and quantum mechanics) at the level of
hadrons, nuclei and molecules. The new energy most promising is known
under the name of Intermediate Controlled Nuclear Fusions.
In essence,
there is nowadays a rather large consensus that all efforts conducted
during the past decades in the "cold" and "hot" fusion have not achieved
industrial relevance (despite the investment of very large public funds)
and will never do so for various often opposing reasons. Cold fusion
cannot achieve industrial maturity because it does not have sufficient
energy for a systematic and controlled exposure of nuclei, as evident
prerequisites for their fusion, and various other reasons. Hot fusion
occurs at excessive energies, thus causing uncontrollable instabilities,
as well known. Dr. Santilli's new fusions are:
1)
Intermediate
in the sense that they occur at threshold energies intermediate between
those of the cold and hot fusions barely sufficient for the systematic
exposure of nuclei and for other needs;
2)
Controlled
because controlled via the control of power, current, voltage, flow,
temperature, pressure, trigger, and other engineering means; and
3)
Clean
because without secondary radiations and without harmful waste due to
the proper selection of the synthesis as well as the lack of energy for
secondary events.
Dr. Santilli
and his technician Michael Rodrigues inspecting one of the automatic and
remote controlled hadronic reactor used for the laboratory synthesis of
the neutron
THE
FUNDAMENTAL SYNTHESIS IN NATURE: THE NEUTRON
Stars
initiate their lives as pure hydrogen gas and first synthesize the
neutrons from protons and electrons, then form the deuteron, then the
helium and all other elements. Hence, the synthesis of the neutron
is, by far, the most fundamental synthesis in nature. Any research or
investment in nuclear synthesis, whether private or public, without
first providing top priority to the synthesis of the neutron has proved
in the past, and will prove again to be sterile beyond any possible or
otherwise serious doubt.
The synthesis
of the neutron is also the triumph of hadronic mechanics because it is
known that Einsteinian and quantum theories are completely unable to
represent said synthesis.
This is technically due to the fact that all bound states verifying
quantum theories must have a mass defect, that is, a
negative binding energy, as it is the case for nuclei, atoms
and molecules, for which systems the basic equations and laws of quantum
theories are indeed verified.
However, the
neutron is heavier than the sum of the masses of the proton and the
electron, thus requiring a mass excess or a positive
binding energy of 0.782 MeV, under which all Einsteinian and
quantum equations and laws become inconsistent, as expected to be well
known by serious ethically sound experts in the field.
After some 30
years of research, hadronic mechanics has indeed permitted the
numerically exact and time invariant representation of ALL
characteristics of the neutron in its synthesis from a proton and an
electron. A general review of the vast efforts accessible to the
educated readership is that by a Russian (Georgian) scientist
THE
RUTHERFORD-SANTILLI NEUTRON,
J. V.
Kadeisvili
Available in
free pdf download from the website
http://www.i-b-r.org/Rutherford-Santilli-II.pdf
or in html format at the website
http://www.i-b-r.org/Rutherford_Santilli_neutron.htm
LABORATORY
SYNTHESIS OF THE NEUTRON
The first
experiment on the synthesis of neutrons from protons and electrons was
conducted in the late 1960s early 1970s in Brazil by an experimental
team headed by the Italian priest scientist Don Carlo Borghi
via a special klystron filled up with hydrogen gas exposed to a certain
combination of DC arcs and resonating microwaves.
This
historical result was opposed by academia in the USA for several decades
at times with incredible, but documented, acts of scientific gangsterism
under impunity guaranteed by the academic-governmental complex, because
its sole consideration implies the admission of clear limitations of
Einsteinian doctrines and quantum mechanics. Virtually all physics
laboratories around the world have refused even the consideration of the
repetition of Don Borghi's experiment, just to confirm it or deny
it, and have preferred instead dramatically more expensive and immensely
less significant experiments.
A view of the
completely automatic hadronic reactor used by Dr. Santilli to reach an
energy output five times the used electric energy. The above reactor is
still available in Florida for verification by qualified visitors.
The above
events illustrate the deplorable condition of physical research in
academia (with due exception) that is currently under a real
totalitarian regime by organized interests on old theories under full
backing by governmental agencies to this day (December 2008), thus
constituting a real threat to society due to the indicated, well known,
impossibility of resolving our alarming environmental problems with old
doctrines of the past century.
After trying
and failing for some 30 years to have this so fundamental an experiment
be repeated by any physics laboratory, Santilli had no other
alternative than that of doing the experiment himself with his
technicians Terry Allen, John (Tom) Judy, Michael Rodrigues, Jim
Alban, and Ray Jones. After some 16 months of tests, Don Borghi's
results were confirmed in full, and presented in the paper
APPARENT
CONFIRMATION OF DON BORGHI’S EXPERIMENT
ON THE
LABORATORY SYNTHESIS OF NEUTRONS
FROM PROTONS
AND ELECTRONS,
Ruggero Maria
Santilli
Paper
available as free download from the web site
http://www.i-b-r.org/NeutronSynthesis.pdf
with pictures
and scans available from the web site
htt THE
INDUSTRIAL NITROGEN SYNTHESIS
According to
chemical analysis of air contained in amber, 100 millions years ago
Earth's atmosphere only had about 30% nitrogen, a percentage that has
gradually increased all the way to the current very high values close to
80%.
This
occurrence has stimulated the search of the source of nitrogen in our
planet. A plausible answer is that nitrogen is synthesized by
lighting from carbon and hydrogen (via the intermediate
synthesis of deuterium) that is, via elements that are plentiful
everywhere. Additionally, nuclear syntheses are necessary to explain
numerically (rather than “academically”) the thunder since
chemical reactions alone (as proffered in academia to support of old
theologies) cannot account on serious scientific grounds for the
extremely large needed energy (equivalent to hundred of tons of
dynamite) due to the excessively small volume traversed by lighting and
its extremely short duration. Finally, one should note that nuclear
syntheses selected by nature are expected NOT to harm the environment.
Following the
achievement of the neutron synthesis, and by keeping the teaching of
Nature as main guidance, Dr. Santilli is well ahead in the industrial,
let alone scientific, achievement of the simplest possible synthesis,
that of the nitrogen-14 from the Carbon-12 and two hydrogen-1 following
the intermediate synthesis of the neutron and, consequently, the
deuteron-2.
The results are presented in the recently released report
http://www.neutronstructure.org/neutron-synthesis.htm
One of the
many GC-MS scans showing the detection of nitrogen at 28 amu in the gas
produced by hadronic reactors in a percentage in excess of nitrogen
occluded in the liquid. It should be noted that, prior to operation,
hadronic reactors are carefully purged of any air to prevent the
formation in their interior of an explosive mixture.
THE NOVEL
"CONTROLLED INTERMEDIATE NUCLEAR FUSION" AND A REPORT ON ITS INDUSTRIAL
REALIZATION AS PREDICTED BY HADRONIC MECHANICS,
Ruggero Maria
Santilli
Paper
available as free download from the website
http://www.i-b-r.org/CNF-printed.pdf
where,
however, the disclosure is only partial for evident reasons of secrecy.
As one can
see, the most promising aspect is that, once reached at threshold
energies and only under that condition, the nitrogen synthesis, is very
esoenergetic and truly clean, in the sense that it cannot release any
harmful radiation and cannot leave any harmful waste because of lack of
the needed energy. Either carbon and deuteron form nitrogen without any
secondary radiation except heat, or they scatter and do not produce any
synthesis.
At this
moment, Dr. Santilli has reached an efficiency producing energy
that is five times the used electric energy, as it can be
verified at his lab in Florida by qualified visitors. Note that, in his
above quoted paper for scientific caution deserving a note, Dr. Santilli
has intentionally left open the origin of the excess energy, namely,
whether said excess energy is of entirely chemical origin or part of it
originates from the synthesis of nitrogen or other nuclear syntheses.
However,
calculations conducted following the publication of the above quoted
paper have indicated that the sole use of esoenergetic chemical reaction
cannot quantitatively represent five times the produced excess energy,
thus suggesting the presence of nuclear syntheses, as presented in the
paper
APPARENT
CONFIRMATION OD SANTILLI INTERMEDIATE CONTROLLED NUCLEAR FUSIONS
Terry Allen,
John (Tom) Judy, Michael Rodrigues, Jim Alban, and Ray Jones. Submitted
for publication and available as free download from the website
http://www.i-b-r.org/CNF-Confirm.pdf
It should be
noted that, following the above indicated five grants by the DOE for the
conduction in the late 1970s - early 1980s for purely mathematical
studies, all research herein reported have been supported by corporate
fund from the U.S.A. and abroad.
At any rate,
under all administrations to date following the vision of the Carter
Administration, the expectation that qualified research beyond
Einsteinian and quantum theories could be supported by the
American Physical Society, the U. S. Department of Energy,
the National Science Foundation, and other national
organizations, is a pure figment of mental aberration, or basic lack of
credible information at best.
A view of Dr.
Santilli discussing the trigger for the enhancement of the nitrogen
synthesis with his technicians John T. Judy, Michael Rodriguez, and
Eugene West on a large hadronic reactor under construction.
Yet, billions
of dollars of public funds have been spent in the hot and other fusions
because aligned with Einsteinian and quantum interests, under the
technical knowledge of their impossible industrial realization. Hence,
any venturing of negative theoretical judgments against
Santilli's Intermediate Controlled Nuclear Fusions, expectedly because
not aligned with said interests, without admitting the necessity of
their experimental resolution one way or the other as it has been
the case for the hot fusion, is a threat to society.
SECURITY
ASPECTS
Because of
his intent to surpass Einstein's special relativity and quantum
mechanics, Dr. Santilli has been the target of extreme academic
obstructions in the U.S.A. that: were initiated in 1978 by physicists at
Harvard University; were intensified to the point of forcing Harvard's
administration of said DOE grants; were propagated through the U. S.
academic community; reached the extreme in 1989 of threats that forced
the Santilli family to leave Cambridge for Florida; and have continued
to this day via slander, e.g, the dubbing of Dr. Santilli's research as
“fringe science” by wikipedia, the prohibition for Dr. Santilli to
attend physics meetings under public financial support, the denial by
Cornell's arXiv for Dr. Santilli to upload his papers in the appropriate
archive despite a blatant violation of federal laws prohibiting
discrimination under public funding, and other acts of scientific
gangsterism that have damaged the image of American science the world
over.
A review of
the above episodes up to 1984 is available in the book and its three
volumes of 1,135 pages of documentation
ETHICAL PROBE
OF EINSTEIN'S FOLLOWERS IN THE USA;
AN INSIDER'S
VIEW HREF
Ruggero Maria
Santilli,
Alpha
Publishing (1984) available as free download from
http://www.scientificethics.org/ilgrandegridoedfig.pdf
DOCUMENTATION OF THE ETHICAL PROBE
Ruggero Maria
Santilli,
Alpha
Publishing (1985)
Volume I
http://www.scientificethics.org/Volume1.pdf
Volume
II
http://www.scientificethics.org/Volume2.pdf
Volume III
http://www.scientificethics.org/volume3.pdf
The
documentation of said oppositions following 1984 is partially available
in the “Ethical Notes” of the review of Dr. Santilli's research in the
Foundation website
http://www.santilli-foundation.org/santilli-scientific-discoveries.html
as well as,
we are told, in preparation by horrified European scientists for future
release as free download.
The above
deplorable lack of serious scientific democracy in the United States of
America to date has forced Dr. Santilli to implement a number of
precautionary actions for the protection of his research against
organized opposing interests, actions that are now continued by the
Santilli Foundation and its members, and include the communication of
his research to qualified colleagues the world over.
Following the
identification of the above episodes as a necessary condition for their
correction, it is hoped that the oppositions against basic advances in
scientific knowledge are, nowadays, an episode of the past, and America
initiates a new scientific beginning as an evident necessary foundation
for an economical and, only consequently, a political rebirth.
In fact,
after conducting research considered for decades “out of the
mainstream,” hadronic mechanics and chemistry are now coming to the
forefront of science and are attracting the active participation by an
increasing number of colleagues from various countries. This is not
surprising since most problems identified by Dr. Santilli years ago,
have seen as the sole quantitative and rigorous explanation that via
hadronic mechanics and/or chemistry.
At the
Santilli Foundation, we all pray that God may allow President Elect
Obama to acquire a knowledge of the dark side of science, as the sole
way to identify possible insidious obstructions outside and within his
administration, as well as grant him the vision, courage and strength to
implement true scientific democracy for qualified inquiries as the sole
basis to propel America into the third millennium and secure a just
recognition by posterity.
Richard
Anderson,
Key West,
Florida
December 27,
2008
For security
reasons, this presentation is expected to be translated into Russian,
Chinese, Italian and possibly other languages
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